Suzane Santiago
May 12, 2010
LW101- MW 9:30-10:50
LW101- Final Exam
Chapter 10: Origins and Organization of the Courts p. 285
6. What are some of the ways in which judges are selected in different states?
Appointment, nonpartisan election, and merit selection are various ways judges are elected.
In most states, judges are popularly elected. However, there are eighteen states judges in trial courts in which they [judges] are appointed by the governor, usually with the consent of the state legislature. Federal judges are also appointed, however they [federal judges] are appointed by the president with the approval of the U.S. senate. There are three states general jurisdiction trial judges that are (only) selected by the state legislature. Eighteen states hold nonpartisan elections and eleven other states hold partisan elections for judges. Lastly, there are ten states that practice the merit selection process.
Chapter 12: Trials and Sentencing p.351
6. Distinguish between indeterminate and determinate sentencing systems.
Indeterminate sentencing allows judges to set a maximum sentence and sometimes a minimum sentence, for the offender to serve in prison. During the [offender’s] sentence a parole board reviews the offender’s growth in behavior to conclude if early release would be advisable. Furthermore, determinate sentencing does not allow judges to enforce fixed sentences that cannot be altered by a parole board. The needs, problems, and backgrounds of offenders are much less important in a determinate sentencing system, because the focus is on the crime that was committed rather than on the type of the offender who committed it.
Chapter 13: Origins and Organization of Jails and Prisons p.386
6. What are the unique challenges associated with the growing numbers of women in prison?
Some challenges the societies might face are: dealing with the victims of women’s crimes, their family histories, and child care issues. Women serving a sentence for a violent crime are twice as likely as men to have committed the crime against an intimate or relative. The differences between male and female offenders require different approaches to treatment and custody of female inmates. In addition, statistics show that 75% of women in prison have at least one child. This may require special training or programs to accommodate the continued relationship between a mother and her child.
Chapter 14: Probation and Community Corrections p.421
6. What is parole, and why is it unpopular with the public?
Parole allows inmates to serve the last part of their sentence in the community under supervision in order to make a successful readjustment to freedom. The public does not favor paroles because they [the public] become outraged when crimes are committed by parolees. They [the public] feels that it is unnecessary to allow dangerous offenders to go back into the community.
Chapter 16: Juvenile Justice p.481
6. What is the significance of the Supreme Court’s decision in Kent v. United States?
Due to a series of U.S. Supreme Court cases in the 1960s, the operation of juvenile justice became more uniform and the trend toward due process in juvenile court proceedings solidified. In Kent v. United States, the Supreme Court rules that a juvenile must receive a hearing before being referred to criminal court for trial as an adult. The Kent case was the first time the U.S. Supreme Court examined juvenile court procedure, and it found that the procedure in question must measure up to basic standards of ue process and fair treatment.
In this class I believe that I deserve an A. I feel this way because I have done all of the assignments and task assigned by the Professor. Furthermore, my attendance and class participation has been above average. I will admit that this class has been very different from the rest of all the classes I have taken in my education career. However, I am resilient and also I am not afraid to face and accept change. Furthermore, I feel that there are many characteristics one must hold as a criminal justice major, and I feel that I am able to carry them out.
Monday, May 17, 2010
Gubernatorial Race 2010 (Survey)
This was a survey in which the class had to interview people differencing in age and gender and their opinions on who will win the Gubernatorial Race on this November's elections. As a result:
Gutierrez Calvo Cruz IDK
Male Under 40 4 3 1 2
Male over 40 5 3 1 1
Female under 40 3 5 0 2
Female over 40 3 5 2 0
Total Votes [15] [16] [4] [5]
I honestly enjoyed this survey, the turn-out was very close, but I can tell that the people I surveyed were very honest. There were some who were confused perhaps because of the recent addition of Lt. Governor Cruz and Senator Espaldon in the gubernatorial race.
Gutierrez Calvo Cruz IDK
Male Under 40 4 3 1 2
Male over 40 5 3 1 1
Female under 40 3 5 0 2
Female over 40 3 5 2 0
Total Votes [15] [16] [4] [5]
I honestly enjoyed this survey, the turn-out was very close, but I can tell that the people I surveyed were very honest. There were some who were confused perhaps because of the recent addition of Lt. Governor Cruz and Senator Espaldon in the gubernatorial race.
Chapter 18
Chapter 18- Comparative Criminal Justice
1. Theft is the most common crime in the world.
2. Crimes is not usually reported to the police because the victims and offenders have similarities.
3. Countries with low crime rates usually have developed strong social control through family systems and religious tradition, practice, and belief
4. Hijacking, trafficking in humans, corruption and war crimes are the usual international crime.
5. Trafficking in humans- the smuggling of women and children from their home countries usually for purposes of sexual exploitation.
6. Genocide- intentionally destroying an ethnic, racial, national, or religious group in a systematic manner
7. Europol shares information about drug trafficking, among member countries of the European unions.
8. Efforts are being made to professionalize law enforcement agencies around the world.
9. (1)Civil, (2) Common, (3) Islamic, and (4) Socialist are the four families/categories of law.
10. It is difficult to compare crime rates in different nations because of the various methodological problems.
1. Theft is the most common crime in the world.
2. Crimes is not usually reported to the police because the victims and offenders have similarities.
3. Countries with low crime rates usually have developed strong social control through family systems and religious tradition, practice, and belief
4. Hijacking, trafficking in humans, corruption and war crimes are the usual international crime.
5. Trafficking in humans- the smuggling of women and children from their home countries usually for purposes of sexual exploitation.
6. Genocide- intentionally destroying an ethnic, racial, national, or religious group in a systematic manner
7. Europol shares information about drug trafficking, among member countries of the European unions.
8. Efforts are being made to professionalize law enforcement agencies around the world.
9. (1)Civil, (2) Common, (3) Islamic, and (4) Socialist are the four families/categories of law.
10. It is difficult to compare crime rates in different nations because of the various methodological problems.
Chapter 17
Chapter 17- Economic and Political Crime
1. Economic and political crimes include white-collar crime, organized crime, computer crime, international and domestic terrorism, and some forms of hate crimes.
2. Conspiracy- agreement between two or more persons to commit a crime or to carry out a legal act in an illegal manner.
3. White-collar crimes- crimes of fraud, crimes against public administration, and regulatory offenses that are usually carried out during the course of a legitimate occupation.
4. Computer crimes are becoming a growing threat, the most common type of computer crime is theft by computers.
5. Harassment and extortion are other types of computer crimes. As computer literacy increases, the rates of computer crimes are also expected to increase.
6. Organizational crime is a continuing criminal enterpise that rationally works to profit from illicit activities that are often in great public demand.
The main types of organized crimes are provision of illicit services (loan-sharking, prostitution, gambling), provisions of illicit goods (drug dealing, fencing of stolen property), and infiltration of legitimate business (demands for "protection" money or no-show jobs).
7. Importation of stolen vehicles, drug smuggling, and illegal immigration are some of the significant types of international crime.
8. Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
9. Hate crimes- offenses motivated by prejudice, usually against a particular race, religion, or sexual orientation.
10. Hate crimes are similar to terrorist acts except that a particular minority group (defined by race, ethnicity, nationality, or sexual orientation) is usually the target.
1. Economic and political crimes include white-collar crime, organized crime, computer crime, international and domestic terrorism, and some forms of hate crimes.
2. Conspiracy- agreement between two or more persons to commit a crime or to carry out a legal act in an illegal manner.
3. White-collar crimes- crimes of fraud, crimes against public administration, and regulatory offenses that are usually carried out during the course of a legitimate occupation.
4. Computer crimes are becoming a growing threat, the most common type of computer crime is theft by computers.
5. Harassment and extortion are other types of computer crimes. As computer literacy increases, the rates of computer crimes are also expected to increase.
6. Organizational crime is a continuing criminal enterpise that rationally works to profit from illicit activities that are often in great public demand.
The main types of organized crimes are provision of illicit services (loan-sharking, prostitution, gambling), provisions of illicit goods (drug dealing, fencing of stolen property), and infiltration of legitimate business (demands for "protection" money or no-show jobs).
7. Importation of stolen vehicles, drug smuggling, and illegal immigration are some of the significant types of international crime.
8. Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
9. Hate crimes- offenses motivated by prejudice, usually against a particular race, religion, or sexual orientation.
10. Hate crimes are similar to terrorist acts except that a particular minority group (defined by race, ethnicity, nationality, or sexual orientation) is usually the target.
Chapter 16
Chapter 16-Juvenile Justice
These are some main points in the class discussion on Chapter 16
1. Young people have a problem realizing the consequences of reality
2. Professor McNinch stated that children under the age of 12, are results of mostly parenting problems, these children usually come from broken homes. Now, children from the ages of 12-17 are juveniles, because they are at that stage of making decisions for themselves and others.
3. Determinism- you can only start/go to a place, if you can only start now. There is nothing you can do about yesterday. The past should not touch you, don’t let it chain your present.
I think with this being said, Professor McNinch was trying to explain to use that when people commit crimes, they always dwell on the things they “should have” done. But, like what was said, there is nothing we can do about yesterday.
4. Victory Frankl’s Logo theraphy- suggest that we [humans] learn a lesson from it [our past] and move on.
5. Idle hands makes the devil’s workshop- Professor McNinch also stated that the reason why public school was introduced was to get the children out of trouble. If you do not give young people something to do, they will end up doing something else, that is usually “trouble.”
Here are the top 10 information I chose from Chapter 16.
1.Delinquency- a criminal act committed by a person under the age of majority.
2.Status offenses- Undesirable behaviors that are unlawful only for juveniles.
3. Parens Patriae- the state acts as a parent. The view that juvenile law violations are a sign that parents cannot or will not take care of their child adequately and that it is up to the state to step in and act in his/her or best interests, thus preventing future misbehavior.
4. The most commonly used indicator of delinquency is the rate of juvenile arrests.
5. Younger juveniles are arrested significantly less often than older juveniles.
6. The first juvenile court was established in 1899. It was during 1960s, when most modifications regarding the concern of delinquency was addressed in the juvenile justice system.
7. In Kent v. United states, the Supreme Court ruled that a juvenile must receive a hearing before being referred to criminal court for trial as an adult.
8. A 2005 Supreme court decision now prohibits imposition of the death penalty for crimes committed when offenders are under the age of 18.
9. Police have 5 alternatives on deciding how to handle a juvenile (1) warn and release, (2) refer to juvenile court, (3) refer to a social welfare agency, (4) refer to another police department, or (5) refer to criminal court for prosecution as an adult.
10. Many believe that in order to reduce the numbers of serious delinquents,action must be taken to address their living conditions.
These are some main points in the class discussion on Chapter 16
1. Young people have a problem realizing the consequences of reality
2. Professor McNinch stated that children under the age of 12, are results of mostly parenting problems, these children usually come from broken homes. Now, children from the ages of 12-17 are juveniles, because they are at that stage of making decisions for themselves and others.
3. Determinism- you can only start/go to a place, if you can only start now. There is nothing you can do about yesterday. The past should not touch you, don’t let it chain your present.
I think with this being said, Professor McNinch was trying to explain to use that when people commit crimes, they always dwell on the things they “should have” done. But, like what was said, there is nothing we can do about yesterday.
4. Victory Frankl’s Logo theraphy- suggest that we [humans] learn a lesson from it [our past] and move on.
5. Idle hands makes the devil’s workshop- Professor McNinch also stated that the reason why public school was introduced was to get the children out of trouble. If you do not give young people something to do, they will end up doing something else, that is usually “trouble.”
Here are the top 10 information I chose from Chapter 16.
1.Delinquency- a criminal act committed by a person under the age of majority.
2.Status offenses- Undesirable behaviors that are unlawful only for juveniles.
3. Parens Patriae- the state acts as a parent. The view that juvenile law violations are a sign that parents cannot or will not take care of their child adequately and that it is up to the state to step in and act in his/her or best interests, thus preventing future misbehavior.
4. The most commonly used indicator of delinquency is the rate of juvenile arrests.
5. Younger juveniles are arrested significantly less often than older juveniles.
6. The first juvenile court was established in 1899. It was during 1960s, when most modifications regarding the concern of delinquency was addressed in the juvenile justice system.
7. In Kent v. United states, the Supreme Court ruled that a juvenile must receive a hearing before being referred to criminal court for trial as an adult.
8. A 2005 Supreme court decision now prohibits imposition of the death penalty for crimes committed when offenders are under the age of 18.
9. Police have 5 alternatives on deciding how to handle a juvenile (1) warn and release, (2) refer to juvenile court, (3) refer to a social welfare agency, (4) refer to another police department, or (5) refer to criminal court for prosecution as an adult.
10. Many believe that in order to reduce the numbers of serious delinquents,action must be taken to address their living conditions.
Chapter 15
Chapter 15- Justice and Punishment in the Twenty-first Century
*New ways of administering justice and punishment
1. Technocorrections- the use of technology to monitor offenders and to prevent future crimes.
2. Risk-based treatment- classifying and evaluating offenders based on their characteristics, crimes, and backgrounds to determine the likelihood of reoffending.
3. Early-life Interventions; "The high/scope perry preschool project"- a developmental program emphasizing intellectual and social development through active learning designed for children of low socioeconomic statues and low IQ who are at high risk for failure in school.
4. Virtual prison- an offender monitoring system in which the offender wears an ankle bracelet that cannot be tampered with or defeated effectively, and that can be monitored via GPS.
* How can offenders with mental health and drug problems be handled in the Criminal Justice System?
5. Mental health courts are specialized courts that focus on treatment and rehabilitation of mentally ill offenders who land in the criminal justice system.
6. Women offenders have different problems in different proportions than men. such as more than half have been sexually abused and how two-thirds of women in prison have minor children.
7. The balance between punishment and public safety can be difficult. Punishment is needed to express the society's disapproval of the law violation; and corrective treatment is required to prevent repeated offenses.
*The future of corrections
8. Offender accountability- an approach to illegal behavior that makes offenders aware of the damage, loss, or injury they cause and their responsibility for it.
9. Punishment and control by distance- a corrections approach that includes electronic monitoring, probation kiosks, and camera satellite surveillance to partially restrict offenders freedom and to deprive them of some portion of their liberty.
10. Correction as prevention. Corrections can be more effective when greater attention is paid to aspects leading to crime before a person violates the law.
*New ways of administering justice and punishment
1. Technocorrections- the use of technology to monitor offenders and to prevent future crimes.
2. Risk-based treatment- classifying and evaluating offenders based on their characteristics, crimes, and backgrounds to determine the likelihood of reoffending.
3. Early-life Interventions; "The high/scope perry preschool project"- a developmental program emphasizing intellectual and social development through active learning designed for children of low socioeconomic statues and low IQ who are at high risk for failure in school.
4. Virtual prison- an offender monitoring system in which the offender wears an ankle bracelet that cannot be tampered with or defeated effectively, and that can be monitored via GPS.
* How can offenders with mental health and drug problems be handled in the Criminal Justice System?
5. Mental health courts are specialized courts that focus on treatment and rehabilitation of mentally ill offenders who land in the criminal justice system.
6. Women offenders have different problems in different proportions than men. such as more than half have been sexually abused and how two-thirds of women in prison have minor children.
7. The balance between punishment and public safety can be difficult. Punishment is needed to express the society's disapproval of the law violation; and corrective treatment is required to prevent repeated offenses.
*The future of corrections
8. Offender accountability- an approach to illegal behavior that makes offenders aware of the damage, loss, or injury they cause and their responsibility for it.
9. Punishment and control by distance- a corrections approach that includes electronic monitoring, probation kiosks, and camera satellite surveillance to partially restrict offenders freedom and to deprive them of some portion of their liberty.
10. Correction as prevention. Corrections can be more effective when greater attention is paid to aspects leading to crime before a person violates the law.
Chapter 14
Chapter 14- Probation and Community Corrections
1. Monetary fines are the most common form of criminal sanction in the U.S. Although fines are usually used for minor crimes.
2. Probation is a system in which offenders are allowed to live in the community under supervision. Offenders who are sentenced to probation usually have conditions attached to their sentences.
3. However, supervision of offenders in the community poses the risk that the offenders may commit the same or other crimes.
4. The purpose of parole is to allow inmates to serve the last part of their sentence in the community under supervision in order to readjust to freedom.
5. Parole is associated with indeterminate sentencing and is decided by a parole board consisting of correction officers.
6. Work or study release programs allow eligible inmates to work or take courses outside the prison during the day and return to the prison at night. The prisoners are supervised and are only granted a few hours.
7. A pardon allows a convicted offender to be released from prison without any supervision. A pardon basically excuses the offender from its criminal penalties.
8. Those who agree with restorative justice believe that the winners of the case is less important than "making the victim a whole."
9. In the most common form of restorative justice, the offender provides restitution to the victim. Restitution is a form of restorative justice that usually takes the form of money. but it can also include returning property or performing services for the victim.
10. Shock incarceration is short-term military-style "boot camps" designed primarily for nonviolent young offenders and featuring a military atmosphere and strict discipline.
1. Monetary fines are the most common form of criminal sanction in the U.S. Although fines are usually used for minor crimes.
2. Probation is a system in which offenders are allowed to live in the community under supervision. Offenders who are sentenced to probation usually have conditions attached to their sentences.
3. However, supervision of offenders in the community poses the risk that the offenders may commit the same or other crimes.
4. The purpose of parole is to allow inmates to serve the last part of their sentence in the community under supervision in order to readjust to freedom.
5. Parole is associated with indeterminate sentencing and is decided by a parole board consisting of correction officers.
6. Work or study release programs allow eligible inmates to work or take courses outside the prison during the day and return to the prison at night. The prisoners are supervised and are only granted a few hours.
7. A pardon allows a convicted offender to be released from prison without any supervision. A pardon basically excuses the offender from its criminal penalties.
8. Those who agree with restorative justice believe that the winners of the case is less important than "making the victim a whole."
9. In the most common form of restorative justice, the offender provides restitution to the victim. Restitution is a form of restorative justice that usually takes the form of money. but it can also include returning property or performing services for the victim.
10. Shock incarceration is short-term military-style "boot camps" designed primarily for nonviolent young offenders and featuring a military atmosphere and strict discipline.
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