Chapter 7 and Chapter 8

Listed below are some of the important* facts throughout Chapter 7 (Criminal Procedure and the Police) and Chapter 8 (Origins and Organizations of Law)

Chapter 7- Criminal Procedure and the Police

1. The role of the police in the criminal procedure are as the gatekeepers; the police must observe behavior and make judgments about possible criminal behaviors in order to prevent crime and apprehend criminals.
2. Frisk- a patting down of the outer clothing of a suspect (based on reasonable suspicion); it is designed to protect the police officer from getting attacked by a weapon during the "frisk"
3. Search- inspection of a person or property based on probable cause of law violation
4. Seizure- confiscation of property occurring when there is some meaningful interference with the individual's possession of property
5. Exclusionary rule- a legal principle that holds that illegally seized evidence must be excluded from use in trials
6. Searches with the exceptions to the warrant requirement include:
(a) searches incident to a lawful arrest (b) searches with voluntary consent (c) plain view searches (d)searches of automobile and their contents (e) open fields and abandoned properties
7. Miranda warning- a five-point warning derived from the case of Miranda v. Arizona. Its purpose is to provide fair notice to crime suspects of their basic constitutional rights
8. Public Safety Exception- the Police may omit the Miranda warning (prior to questioning a suspect) if the public safety is jeopardized
9. Fifth Amendment- provides for grand juries protection against double jeopardy and protection from self incrimination
10. The importance of confessions to police work is limited because most suspects are taken into custody based on other evidence.

Chapter 8- Origins and Organizations of Law Enforcement

1. Mutual pledge system- residents can be held responsible for the actions of their neighbors; a system of community responsibility used during the Middle Ages in Britain
2. Watch and ward system- a system used ( in England established 1285) to help constables in their law enforcement efforts. Men from each town were required to take turns standing watch at night. Crime suspects were turned over to the constable
3. The invention of gin (by a Dutch chemist during the 17th century) was the catalyst that triggered a more organized effort towards the establishment of public policing
4. Bow street racing- Henry Fielding organized a mounted patrol to guard highways; quickly established a reputation for their ability to catch criminals
5. preventive police- the first organized police department in London established 1829
6. Crime commissions- focused on improved operations of the criminal justice system as the best way to reduce crime
7. Professionalization- changes in the police organization, administration, and technology aimed at improving the efficiency of the police in the deterrence and apprehension of criminals
8. Local police- the police department of municipalities; local law enforcements also includes county sheriffs and special police agencies such as park, airport, transit and university police.
9. Community policing- a service-oriented style of law enforcement that focuses on the disorder in the community, crime preventions, and fear reduction ( as opposed to the traditional focus on serious* street crimes)
10. Policing faces a dilemma: There is a need to organize law enforcement efforts in a more effective way. However, there is also a reluctance to provide the necessary resources and authority